Journal of Geosciences Insights

ABSTRACT

Biomining, a cutting-edge approach in mining, harnesses the metabolic capabilities of microorganisms to extract metals from ores and mine waste materials. This biotechnological method offers a sustainable alternative to conventional mining techniques by minimizing environmental impacts and improving resource recovery efficiency. The process involves two primary methods: bioleaching and bio-oxidation. Bioleaching employs acidophilic bacteria, such as Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans, which thrive in acidic environments and oxidize sulfide minerals in ores to solubilize metals like copper, gold, and uranium. These bacteria catalyze the dissolution of metal sulfides, releasing metals into solution for subsequent extraction. Bio-oxidation, on the other hand, uses microorganisms like Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans to oxidize refractory sulfide minerals that are not amenable to conventional extraction methods. This enhances the accessibility of metals like gold and arsenic, making them easier to recover through subsequent processes. The advantages of biomining extend beyond improved metal recovery rates. It reduces the need for energy-intensive processes such as smelting and grinding, thus lowering greenhouse gas emissions and operational costs. Additionally, biomining can remediate mine waste by detoxifying tailings and reducing their environmental impact. However, biomining faces challenges such as the optimization of microbial activity in large-scale operations and the management of microbial communities to prevent contamination. Research continues to explore novel microbial species and genetic engineering techniques to enhance biomining efficiency and broaden its applicability to diverse mineral types and environmental conditions. In conclusion, biomining represents a promising frontier in geobiotechnology, offering sustainable solutions to mineral extraction while addressing environmental concerns associated with traditional mining practices. Continued advancements in microbial ecology and bioprocess engineering will further unlock the potential of biomining in the global mining industry.

KEYWORDS

1. Biomining
2. Bioleaching
3. Bio-oxidation
4. Microorganisms
5. Sustainable mining